科创中国

The challenges facing agriculture in China are probably more severe than ever before. We have developed an integrated technology system in which the focus is on achieving both high crop productivity and high resource use efficiency ("double high" technology system) to ensure food security and environmental sustainability. The components comprise (1) significantly increased grain-yield through high-yield crop management, i.e. an optimal cropping system design and management well adapted to climate conditions; (2) greatly increased nutrient-use efficiency through root/rhizosphere management to optimize the nutrient supply intensity and composition in the root zone to maximize root/rhizosphere efficiency; (3) improved soil quality to ensure long-term food security by managing soil organic matter and eliminating soil physical, chemical and biological constrains and (4) enhanced agricultural sustainability through resource and environment management by increasing resource use efficiency, reducing nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing negative ecological footprints. In our work in major agricultural regions of China, this system has been successfully tested and demonstrated through well-organized farmer associations, enterprises with improved products and government extension networks. The new "double high" concept has the potential to become an effective agricultural development path to ensure food security and improve environmental quality, especially in China and other rapidly developing economies where agricultural intensification must achieve and must be transformed from low-efficiency systems to achieving high yields with high resource use efficiency. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Jianbo Shen    Zhenling Cui    Yuxin Miao    Guohua Mi    Hongyan Zhang    Mingsheng Fan    Zhang Chaochun    Rongfeng Jiang    Weifeng Zhang    Haigang Li    Xinping Chen    Xiaolin Li    张福锁    

Global Food Security

2013

The yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) has increased substantially with the development of new cultivars, but the role of potassium (K) requirement for the increase in grain yield and the genotypic advance is still unclear. In order to investigate this relationship a database of 1199 on-farm measurements (harvest index 0.4) comprising > 400 modern rice cultivars was collected during 2005-2010 across major irrigated lowland rice-production regions of China. This was used to evaluate the relationships among K requirement, grain yield, and genetic improvement. Across all the sites and seasons, mean reciprocal internal efficiency of K (RIE-K, kg K [t grain produced]) was 19.8kg K (t grain) and rice yield averaged 8.7 t ha. Considering four levels of grain yield (< 7.5, 7.5-9, 9-10.5, and > 10.5 t ha), the respective RIEs were 18.7, 19.4, 20.5, and 21.7kg K (t grain). The gradual increase in the RIE-K with yield was attributed mainly to the increase in straw and grain K concentration and the decrease in the K harvest index. The RIE-K values for ordinary inbred, ordinary hybrid, and "super rice" were 18.5, 20.1, and 19.9kg K (t grain), respectively. Examining the historical development of rice cultivars, the RIE-K decreased from 40.9 (Nanjing1, early tall, inbred) in the 1950s to 19.8 (IR24, semi-dwarf, ordinary inbred) in the 1970s, and then increased to 20.9 (Shanyou63, modern ordinary hybrid) in the 1980s and 20.6kg K (t grain) (II-you084, "super" rice) in the 2000s. This variation in RIE-K among grain-yield levels and cultivars highlights the importance of information on rice K requirement in calculating K balance and optimal K-fertilizer rate for rice production. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Zhang Yi    Zhang Chaochun    Yan Peng    Xinping Chen    杨建昌    张福锁     Zhenling Cui   

Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science

2013

Although the goal of doubling food demand while simultaneously reducing agricultural environmental damage has become widely accepted, the dominant agricultural paradigm still considers high yields and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity to be in conflict with one another. Here, we achieved an increase in maize yield of 70% in on-farm experiments by closing the yield gap and evaluated the trade-off between grain yield, nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, and GHG emissions. Based on two groups of N application experiments in six locations for 16 on-farm site-years, an integrated soil-crop system (HY) approach achieved 93% of the yield potential and averaged 14.8 Mg ha maize grain yield at 15.5% moisture. This is 70% higher than current crop (CC) management. More importantly, the optimal N rate for the HY system was 250 kg N ha, which is only 38% more N fertilizer input than that applied in the CC system. Both the NO emission intensity and GHG intensity increased exponentially as the N application rate increased, and the response curve for the CC system was always higher than that for the HY system. Although the N application rate increased by 38%, NO emission intensity and the GHG intensity of the HY system were reduced by 12% and 19%, respectively. These on-farm observations indicate that closing the yield gap alongside efficient N management should therefore be prominent among a portfolio of strategies to meet food demand while reducing GHG intensity at the same time. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Zhenling Cui    Shanchao Yue    Wang Guiliang    Qingfeng Meng    Wu Liang    Zhiping Yang    Zhang    Shiqing Li    张福锁     Xinping Chen   

Global Change Biology

2013

The aim of this study was to compare the mycorrhizal responsiveness among old and recent Chinese maize genotypes (released from 1950s to 2008) in low- and high-Olsen-P soils and to identify parameters that would indicate the relationships between the mycorrhizal responsiveness and the functional traits related to P uptake of maize. A greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted. The factors were maize genotype [Huangmaya (HMY), Zhongdan 2 (ZD2), Nongda 108 (ND108), and NE15], inoculation with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Rhizophagus irregularis), and Olsen-P levels (4, 9, 18, 36, or 60 mg P kg). Old and recently released genotypes differed in their response to AMF under low- and high-P supply. Three kinds of responses (in terms of shoot growth) were observed: the response was positive if the soil P content was low, but negative if the soil Olsen-P content was high (HMY and ND108); the response was neutral regardless of soil P content (ZD2); and the response was positive regardless of soil P content (NE15). Principle component (PC) analysis showed that the first PC comprised morphological and physiological traits of maize roots, and the second PC comprised mycorrhizal traits. The opposite was the case, however, in high-P soil. It is concluded that maize breeding selection from 1950s to 2000s is not always against the AM association and that AMF play positive roles in promoting the growth of some maize genotypes in high-P soil. The root length colonization by efficient AMF might be a useful parameter for breeding varieties with increased mycorrhizal responsiveness. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Chu Qun    Wang Xinxin    Yang Yang    Fanjun Chen    张福锁     Gu Feng   

Mycorrhiza

2013

Zinc (Zn)-efficient wheat genotypes yield well on Zn-deficient soil. In this study, two Chinese wheat genotypes, Kenong9204 and Han6172, and two reference genotypes, Bezostaja (Zn efficient) and BDME10 (Zn inefficient), from Turkey were conducted to measure their physiological responses to Zn deficiency in the greenhouse. Results showed obvious genetic variation among the genotypes with Zn efficiency from 76% to 105%. Bezostaja and Kenong9204 had greater shoot dry weight and accumulated more shoot Zn content than BDME10 and Han6172 without Zn application. In one aspect of enzyme activities, Bezostaja and Kenong9204 presented significantly greater activities of superoxide dismutase while maintaining similar activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase compared with inefficient genotypes BDME10 and Han6172 under Zn-deficient condition. Zinc-efficient genotypes are recommended to satisfy the sustainable grain yield in China and other areas, where Zn deficiency in soil is spread and multiple stresses may happen at times. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Zhang Yueqiang    Yazici Mustafa Atilla    Gokmen Ozay Ozgur    Ismail Çakmak    张福锁     Chunqin Zou   

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

2013

Background and aims: Localized supply of P plus ammonium improves root-proliferation and nutrient-uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) at seedling stage, but it is largely unknown how localized supply of nutrients at both early and late stages influences maize-growth, nutrient-uptake and grain-yield. Methods: A 2-year field experimentation with maize was conducted with localized application of P plus ammonium as diammonium phosphate (LDAP) or ammonium sulfate plus P (LASP) at sowing or jointing stage, with broadcast urea and P (BURP) or no nitrogen (F0) as controls. Results: Localized supply of P plus ammonium significantly increased root-proliferation, shoot dry-weight and nutrient-uptake at seedling stage. The positive effect disappeared at 53 days after sowing. However, plant-growth and nutrient-uptake increased again after the second localized application of P plus ammonium at jointing. The density and average length of the first-order lateral roots in local patches increased by 50 % in LDAP and LASP compared with F0 and BURP. Maize-yield increased by 8-10 % compared with BURP. Agronomic N efficiency and N-use efficiency increased by 41-48 % and 25-57 % compared with the BURP. Conclusions: It is suggested that enhanced root-proliferation in the nutrient-rich patches with localized supply of ammonium and P at sowing and jointing stages is essential for improving nutrient-uptake and ultimately grain-yield. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Ma Qinghua    张福锁     Zed Rengel    Jianbo Shen   

Plant and Soil

2013

China's economy has made great strides since 1949, and especially after China has initiated economic reforms and the open-door policy in the 1980s. The growth in agricultural production has been one of the main national accomplishments. By 1996 China was feeding 22% of the global human population with only 7% of the world's arable land. The use of fertilizers and irrigation has played a crucial role. However, further increases in crop production will be more problematic than has been the case, with availability of water being a major limiting factor in China. Agricultural inputs must be reduced, especially nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, whose overuse led to environmental problems such as increased greenhouse gas emissions and severe water pollution in parts of China. We emphasize two pivotal components for increasing crop productivity with efficient use of resources (e.g. nutrients and water): (1) the development of integrated soil-crop systems management (ISSM), which will address key constraints using existing crop varieties, and (2) the production of new crop varieties that offer higher yields but use less water, fertilizer or other inputs. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mingsheng Fan    张喜英    Lixing Yuan    Weifeng Zhang    张福锁    

Improving Water and Nutrient-Use Efficiency in Food Production Systems

2013

Retranslocation of iron (Fe) from source leaves to sinks requires soluble Fe binding forms. As much of the Fe is protein-bound and associated with the leaf nitrogen (N) status, we investigated the role of N in Fe mobilization and retranslocation under N deficiency- vs dark-induced leaf senescence. By excluding Fe retranslocation from the apoplastic root pool, Fe concentrations in source and sink leaves from hydroponically grown barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants were determined in parallel with the concentrations of potential Fe chelators and the expression of genes involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis. N supply showed opposing effects on Fe pools in source leaves, inhibiting Fe export out of source leaves under N sufficiency but stimulating Fe export from source leaves under N deficiency, which partially alleviated Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis. Both triggers of leaf senescence, shading and N deficiency, enhanced NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE2 gene expression, soluble Fe pools in source leaves, and phytosiderophore and citrate rather than nicotianamine concentrations. These results indicate that Fe mobilization within senescing leaves is independent of a concomitant N sink in young leaves and that phytosiderophores enhance Fe solubility in senescing source leaves, favoring subsequent Fe retranslocation. © 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.

Rongli Shi    Weber Günther    Köster Jessica    Reza-Hajirezaei Mohammad    Chunqin Zou    张福锁     Nicolaus von Wirén   

New Phytologist

2012

The overestimation of nitrogen (N) uptake requirement under a high-yield cropping system with maize (Zea mays L.) has been a driving force in the overuse of N fertilization and environmental pollution in China. A database comprising 1246 measurements collected between 2005 and 2009 from 105 on-farm and station experiments conducted in the spring maize domains of the Northeast, Northwest of China and the North China Plain, was used to evaluate N uptake requirement in relation to grain yield. Field experiments with different maize cultivars and N management forms were also carried out to assess this relationship. Across all the sites, maize yield averaged 11.1Mgha which was more than twice that of the national maize grain yield average of China of 5.3Mgha and the world average of 4.5Mgha . Nitrogen uptake requirement per Mg grain yield averaged 17.4kg. Considering 6 ranges of grain yield (<7.5Mgha , 7.5-9Mgha , 9-10.5Mgha , 10.5-12Mgha , 12-13.5Mgha and >13.5Mgha ), N uptake requirements per Mg grain yield were 19.8, 18.1, 17.4, 17.1, 17.0 and 16.9kg respectively. This decreasing N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield with increasing grain yield was attributed to increasing harvest index (HI) and the diluting effects of declining grain and straw N concentrations. Grain yield increased with year of cultivar release from the 1950s to the 2000s, with N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield decreasing because of declining grain and straw N concentrations. Compared with the current commercial hybrid (ZD958), the lower N uptake requirement per Mg grain yield of the N-efficient hybrid of XY335 was attributed to a lower straw N concentration while maintaining a similarly high grain yield and grain N concentration. In neither of the years was there any evidence of leaf senescence in either optimal N rate (N ) or excessive N rate (N ) and there was no significant difference between N uptake of these two treatments. This indicated that excessive N application could not delay leaf senescence to sustain further grain yield increase. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Hou Peng    Gao Qiang    Xie Ruizhi    Li Shaokun    Qingfeng Meng    Kirkby Ernest A.    Volker Römheld    Torsten Müller    张福锁     Zhenling Cui    Xinping Chen   

Field Crops Research

2012

• Retranslocation of iron (Fe) from source leaves to sinks requires soluble Fe binding forms. As much of the Fe is protein-bound and associated with the leaf nitrogen (N) status, we investigated the role of N in Fe mobilization and retranslocation under N deficiency- vs dark-induced leaf senescence. • By excluding Fe retranslocation from the apoplastic root pool, Fe concentrations in source and sink leaves from hydroponically grown barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants were determined in parallel with the concentrations of potential Fe chelators and the expression of genes involved in phytosiderophore biosynthesis. • N supply showed opposing effects on Fe pools in source leaves, inhibiting Fe export out of source leaves under N sufficiency but stimulating Fe export from source leaves under N deficiency, which partially alleviated Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis. Both triggers of leaf senescence, shading and N deficiency, enhanced NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE2 gene expression, soluble Fe pools in source leaves, and phytosiderophore and citrate rather than nicotianamine concentrations. • These results indicate that Fe mobilization within senescing leaves is independent of a concomitant N sink in young leaves and that phytosiderophores enhance Fe solubility in senescing source leaves, favoring subsequent Fe retranslocation. © 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.

Rongli Shi    Weber Günther    Köster Jessica    Reza-Hajirezaei Mohammad    Chunqin Zou    张福锁     Nicolaus von Wirén   

The New phytologist

2012