科创中国

We tested the hypothesis that reducing the carbon (C):Phosphorus (P) ratio in rhizosphere soil would reduce bacterial competition with the plant for P from phytin, which would then increase phytin use efficiency for the plant. A threefactor pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of inoculation with a phytin-mineralizing bacterium, Pseudomonas alcaligenes (PA), on maize P uptake from phytin. Two levels of organic P, two levels of inorganic P, and three different PA inoculation treatments were used. When maize plants were grown in low available P soil with phytin, PA transformed soil P into microbial biomass P, which caused competition for available P with plant and inhibited plant uptake. When 5 mg P kgas KHPOwas added, inoculation with PA increased soil acid phosphatase activity which enhanced the mineralization rate of phytin. PA mobilized more P than it immobilized in microbial pool and enhanced plant P uptake. We conclude that the decreased C:P ratio by adding small amount of inorganic P in the rhizosphere could drive phytin mineralization by the bacteria and improve plant P nutrition.

Zhang Lin    Ding Xiaodong    Sanfeng Chen    He Xinhua    张福锁     Gu Feng   

Journal of Plant Interactions

2014

Ensuring food security is the foundation of economic development and social stability. China is historically a country that is dominated by agriculture. In the past 60 years, China's total grain output increased by fivefold, from 113 million tons (MT) in 1949 to 571 MT in 2011, a statistic which provides inspiration to producers in other parts of the world. Grain production per capita doubled, from 209 to 425 kg during the same time period. At the national scale, China has succeeded in maintaining a basic self-sufficiency for grain for the past three decades. However, with the increasing population pressure and a growing appetite for animal products, China will need 776 MT grain by 2030 to feed its own people, a net increase of 35.9% from its best year on record. China's drive for future food security is challenged by problems such as low efficiency of resource use and resource limitation, diminishing return in yield response, competition for nonagricultural land uses, and environmental degradation. In this article, we analyze historical, temporal, and spatial variation in total grain production as well as the overall developing trends of current and future grain production, and discussed relevant options to overcome production constraints and further promote agricultural production.

Li Yuxuan    Weifeng Zhang    马林    Wu Liang    Jianbo Shen    Bill Davies    Oene Oenema    张福锁     Zhengxia Dou   

Food and Energy Security

2014

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important legume providing edible proteins and N2 fixation. However, iron deficiency severely reduces peanut growth in calcareous soils. The maize/peanut intercropping effectively improves iron nutrition and N2 fixation of peanut under pot and field conditions on calcareous soils. However, little was known of how intercropping regulates iron transporters in peanut. We identified AhDMT1 as a Fe²⁺ transporter which was highly expressed in mature nodules with stronger N2 fixation capacity. Promoter expression analysis indicated that AhDMT1 was localized in the vascular tissues of both roots and nodules in peanut. Short-term Fe-deficiency temporarily induced an AhDmt1 expression in mature nodules in contrast to roots. However, analysis of the correlation between the complex regulation pattern of AhDmt1 expression and iron nutrition status indicated that sufficient iron supply for long term was a prerequisite for keeping AhDmt1 at a high expression level in both, peanut roots and mature nodules. The AhDmt1 expression in peanut intercropped with maize under 3 years greenhouse experiments was similar to that of peanut supplied with sufficient iron in laboratory experiments. Thus, the positive interspecific effect of intercropping may supply sufficient iron to enhance the expression of AhDmt1 in peanut roots and mature nodules to improve the iron nutrition and N2 fixation in nodules. This study may also serve as a paradigm in which functionally important genes and their ecological significance in intercropping were characterized using a candidate gene approach.

Shen Hongyun    Xiong Hongchun    Guo Xiaotong    Wang Pengfei    Duan Penggen    Zhang Lixia    张福锁     Zuo   

Planta

2014

The challenges of how to simultaneously ensure global food security, improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and protect the environment have received increasing attention. However, the dominant agricultural paradigm still considers high yield and reducing environmental impacts to be in conflict with one another. Here we examine a Three-Step-Strategy of past 20 years to produce more with less in China, showing that tremendous progress has been made to reduce N fertilizer input without sacrificing crop yield. The first step is to use technology for in-season root-zone nutrient management to significantly increase NUE. The second is to use technology for integrated nutrient management to increase both yield and NUE by 15%-20%. The third step is to use technology for integrated soil-crop system management to increase yield and NUE by 30%-50% simultaneously. These advances can thus be considered an effective agricultural paradigm to ensure food security, while increasing NUE and improving environmental quality.

张福锁     Zhenling Cui    Weifeng Zhang   

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

2014

North China is known for its large population densities and rapid development of industry and agriculture. Air quality around Beijing improved substantially during the 2008 Summer Olympics. We measured atmospheric concentrations of various N compounds at three urban sites and three rural sites in North China from 2010 to 2012 and estimated N dry and wet deposition by inferential models and the rain gauge method to determine current air conditions with respect to reactive nitrogen (N) compounds and nitrogen (N) deposition in Beijing and the surrounding area. NH, NO, and HNO and particulate NH and NO, and NH-N and NO-N in precipitation averaged 8.2, 11.5, 1.6, 8.2 and 4.6μg Nm, and 2.9 and 1.9mg NL, respectively, with large seasonal and spatial variability. Atmospheric N (especially oxidized N) concentrations were highest at urban sites. Dry deposition of N ranged from 35.2 to 60.0kg Nha yr, with wet deposition of N of 16.3 to 43.2kg Nha yr and total deposition of 54.4-103.2kg Nha yr. The rates of N dry and wet deposition were 36.4 and 33.2% higher, respectively, at the urban sites than at the rural sites. These high levels reflect the occurrence of a wide range of N pollution in North China and suggest that further strict air pollution control measures are required. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Luo    Pengfei Liu    Aohan Tang    Liu    Zong    Zhang    Kou    Zhang    David Fowler    Fangmeier Andreas    Peter Christie    张福锁     Xuejun Liu   

Atmospheric Environment

2013

张福锁     Xinping Chen    Peter Vitousek   

Nature

2013

China's vegetable production has experienced a rapid growth in recent years. Total production amounted to 522.7 million Mg (1 Mg = 10 g) in 2009, which was more than nine times that in 1980 and represented >50% of the world production. Meanwhile, excessive use of animal manures and chemical fertilizers in vegetable fields has brought various production and environmental challenges, including excessive accumulation of nutrients in soils and accelerated water pollution problems. In this study, we have evaluated the current status of phosphorus (P) in China's intensive vegetable production systems based on data summarized from nearly 100 publications plus results from our recent experiments. Gross overfertilization occurred in greenhouse (571 kg P ha) and open-field (117 kg P ha) vegetable systems compared with P removal in harvested crops (44 and 25 kg P ha) per season. Excess P input led to soil enrichment of labile P, measured as Olsen-P, averaging 179 (greenhouses) and 100 mg P kg (open fields) in the 0- to 20-cm soil depth, and in some cases led to P leaching, as evidenced by increases in Olsen-P and CaCl-P at the 40- to 60-cm soil depth. The vast majority of vegetable soils had Olsen-P exceeding the critical level (46.0- 58.0 mg P kg) for optimum vegetable yield. Innovative policies and strategies are urgently needed to implement science-based nutrient management practices to attain sustainable vegetable production while protecting natural and environmental resources. ©American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.

Yan Zhengjuan    Liu Pengpeng    Li Yuhong    马林    Alva Ashok K.    Zhengxia Dou    Qing Chen    张福锁    

Journal of Environmental Quality

2013

China has made remarkable strides in recent decades to grow enough food to feed 20% of the world's population with only 9% of the world's arable land. Meanwhile, the nation is experiencing exacerbated air and water pollution problems. Agricultural growth and the pollution aggravation are closely linked with policies affecting fertilizer production and use. Essentially nonexistent in 1950, China's fertilizer industry is now a robust conglomerate producing fertilizers in amounts that not only meet domestic demand but also contribute to international trade. The industry's growth stemmed from a series of policy progressions, featuring (i) a total control system with state ownership and central planning (1949-1984), (ii) a dual system of central planning and market adjustment (1985-1997), (iii) a market-driven system with government-mandated price caps (1998-2009), and (iv) a complete market-oriented system (since 2009). In conjunction with the policy changes were massive subsidy programs totaling more than $18 billion in 2010. The support policies and subsidies helped grow the industry and safeguard an adequate supply of fertilizers at affordable costs to farmers, but the artificially low-priced fertilizers also contributed to a nationwide trend of fertilizer overuse, leading to nutrient pollution. China needs innovative policies and programs to address food security and sustainability challenges. In this study, we review and analyze policies and programs related to China's fertilizer production and use in a 60-yr span (1950-2010) and discuss its impact on the development of the industry, food security, and pressing environmental issues. Finally, our study analyzes longterm trends in fertilizer use in China and offers some key viewpoints to stimulate debates among all stakeholders. ©American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.

Li Yuxuan    Weifeng Zhang    马林    Huang Gaoqiang    Oene Oenema    张福锁     Zhengxia Dou   

Journal of Environmental Quality

2013

Bai    Haigang Li    Xueyun Yang    Zhou Baoku    Xiaojun Shi    Boren Wang    Li Dongchu    Jianbo Shen    Qing Chen    Wei Qin    Oene Oenema    张福锁    

Plant and Soil

2013

Chemical fertilizer plays an important role in increasing food production in China. Nevertheless, excessive nitrogen fertilizer use in China has resulted in severe environmental problems. The goal of this paper is to examine the impacts of an improved nitrogen management (INM) training experiment on farmers' chemical nitrogen (N) use behaviors in maize production in China. Based on household data collected from 813 maize farmers in Shandong, China, this study finds that while INM training can significantly reduce farmers' N fertilizer use, an INM training is not sufficient to change farmer's practices significantly, and farmers only partially adopted the recommended INM. This study reveals that China faces challenges to transform its agriculture to a low-carbon one. The research also sheds light on China's extension system and future technologies in meeting the objectives of reducing the excessive nitrogen fertilizer use in agricultural production. © 2013 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Jia Xiangping    黄季焜    Xiang Cheng    Hou Lin-ke    张福锁     Xinping Chen    Zhenling Cui    Bergmann Holger   

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2013